In vitro antiviral effect of "Nanosilver" on influenza virus

Influenza is a viral infectious disease with frequent seasonal epidemics causing world-wide economical and social effects. Due to antigenic shifts and drifts of influenza virus, long-lasting vaccine has not been developed so far. The current annual vaccines and effective antiviral drugs are not available sufficiently. Therefore in order to prevent spread of infectious agents including viruses, antiseptics are considered by world health authorities. Small particles of silver have a long history as general antiseptic and disinfectant. Silver does not induce resistance in microorganisms and this ability in Nanosize is stronger. The aim of this study was to determine antiviral effects of Nanosilver against influenza virus. TCID50 [50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose] of the virus as well as CC50 [50% Cytotoxic Concentration] of Nanosilver was obtained by MTT [3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2y1]-2 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, Sigma] method. This compound was non-toxic to MDCK [Madin-Darbey Canin Kidney] cells at concentration up to 1 micro g/ml. Effective minimal cytotoxic concentration and 100 TCID50 of the virus were added to the confluent cells. Inhibitory effects of Nanosilver on the virus and its cytotoxicity were assessed at different temperatures using Hemagglutination [HA] assay, RT-PCR [Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction], and DIF [Direct Immunofluorescent]. RT-PCR and free band densitometry software were used to compare the volume of the PCR product bands on the gel. In this study it was found that Nanosilver has destructive effect on the virus membrane glycoprotein knobs as well as the cells

Infection after total hip arthroplasty

Infection is a serious complication of total hip arthroplasty [THA]. Although the prevalence of perioprosthetic infections is only percent, the economic burden as well as the likelihood of significant morbidity and even mortality, make this complication potentially devasting. Risk factors of these complications are DM, RA, SCA, taking corticosteroid, prolonged surgery time, prolonged pre operation hospitalization and previous surgery on hip. Although the most frequent organism of THA infections are gram positive bacterias, but gram negative microbes and uncommon organisms must also be considered. Fortunately, there are many ways to detect the infections before or after surgery

[Test construction for assessment of teacher's attitudes toward creativity]

The main purpose of this project was to construct a test that would in effect show the positive and negative attitudes of teachers toward creativity. Construction of the test was implemented based on the equal-appearing interval method of Thurstone and Chave. First, 150 sentences were collected from various sources binding different attitudes concerning creativity. The number of sentences was reduced to 90 via a preliminary test. Next, 111 judges sorted the sentences on a seven-point scale ranging from unfavorable to neutral and favorable. Then the scale values as well as the ambiguity vales of sentences based on sorting of the judges were computed. 30 sentences with the least amount of ambiguity values and serving the purpose of the study were selected so as to produce as spread along the scale continuum. Scale values and ambiguity values are presented for the 30 selected sentences. Usage od similar tests for the assessment of attitudes toward creativity can increase this test's functionality